Cervical Cancer

1.What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is the cancer of the reproductive tract. It is the cancer which can be easily prevented by screening tests and vaccination.

2. What are the causes of cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus. It can spread through sexual contact.

3. What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

Patients with cervical cancer can have abnormal bleeding that is in between the menstrual cycles, during intercourse or after menopause. They can also have unusual vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, leg pain and bleeding from the rectum or bladder. However some women may not have any symptoms.

4. Who are at risk of this cancer?

Women who are immunocompromised such as those with HIV, those on steroids or chemotherapy and those who have undergone an organ transplant. Smoking in women doubles the risk of cancer. Those who do not carry screening tests such as Pap smear regularly are also at a risk of cervical cancer.

5. How do I lower my risk?

• Delay the onset of sexual activity
• Know your sexual partner
• Practice safe sex
• Maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle
• Pap Test & HPV testing regularly
• If eligible, consider the vaccination for cervical cancer

6. What is a Pap smear test?

In this test we collect the cells from the cervix and study it under the microscope. We look for abnormal cells which if found can be treated immediately.

7. How often is Pap smear required?

Pap smear is required every year starting 3yrs after the onset of sexual activity, till the age of 30yrs. Thereafter if the tests have been normal then it can be done every 2-3 yrs.

8. What happens if the Pap smear is abnormal?

Pap smear detects cancer in the precancerous stage that is before the onset of symptoms. If found to be abnormal you may be advised other tests such as Colposcopy, HPV test, endometrial biopsy as per the guidance of your gynaecologist.

9. What is the cervical vaccine?

The cervical cancer vaccine offers protection against the HPV virus which is the cause for almost 70% of the cancers. The success rates are better if taken before the onset of sexual activity.

10. What is colposcopy ?

Colposcopy is a procedure wherein we can visualize the vagina & the cervix. It is usually done when the Pap smear reports are abnormal and is used to decide upon the exact location where the biopsy sample can be taken.